You can run dailies for extra gold.

You can farm battlegrounds for honor or pvp gear.
Or even try your hand at arena.

If you're attempting 10-man encounters, you have two general choices.
Either get 3 more accounts and play everyone, or go with friends playing the last 3 toons.
Friends will get you 4 people at once, to do specific encounter tasks, which makes it a lot easier.
10-man yourself lets you go at your pace and have gear distributed entirely as you see fit.

If you do decide on going 10 accounts, then you can run two teams for dailies.
Not sure if you need the gold or not.
Dailies are pretty boring, but they're a very good source of gold too.

The best source of Triumph badges seems to be raids.
If you can run your team somewhere, even if only one is allowed to loot, they'll each be getting badges.
Alternatively, pick a guild which raids 1-2 days a week.
Even if progression is not that far, you can have three toons in similar guilds and end up raiding 3 toons total on 5 or 6 days of the week.
It's an option for Triumph badges.